Moving Water Canoe Introduction Tandem Skills Resource Manual

Introduction

This manual has been provided to help instructors better structure and facilitate their programs, offering clearer instructions and best practices for course delivery. It emerges from our evolving understanding of how to teach moving water canoeing in an effective and efficient manner. Carving a canoe is essential to navigating moving water and should be introduced first in a flatwater setting. As soon as the participant has a basic understanding of carving, they should experience Class I moving water. It is our belief that this two-step approach is the most efficient and effective way to get participants successfully executing manoeuvres and navigating moving water. This process also facilitates completing the course material in two days while generating enthusiasm for moving water canoeing.

How To Use This Manual

The objective of this manual is to provide a concise reference that presents the course material for Introduction Tandem Moving Water in a practical lesson plan format.

The manual is organized around the understanding that moving water canoe manoeuvres are built on a set of skills and knowledge, a set of basic strokes and a set of risk management principles.

There are 5 main headings in this manual:

• Goals
• Skills and Manoeuvres
• Knowledge
• Strokes
• Risk Management

This manual begins with the four underlying goals of the Moving Water program - carving, lateral movement, water reading and risk management. These four goals will be achieved by teaching paddlers the skills and manoeuvres. Each manoeuvre involves the application of a combination of specific elements of Skills and Knowledge.

Strokes and risk management are integrated sections and the knowledge contained within them runs throughout the entire manual and should be incorporated throughout courses.

The material in the skills and manoeuvres, knowledge and strokes sections are presented in a lesson plan format using Paddle Canada’s recommended paddler-centred pedagogical approach to skill and knowledge instruction (IDEAS/IES). This approach provides an easy and logical presentation of the material, and it provides an organized framework for the instructor to use for a lesson plan.

This document is designed to be an interconnected and interactive quick reference manual. Sections in the table of contents, are linked to the area you can find them. Individual sections are also cross referenced with links to other relevant sections of the manual. For example, at the bottom of each manoeuvre page you will find a linked quick reference section called Skills and Knowledge Required allowing the user to quickly navigate to information on any of the specific skill or knowledge elements involved in performing that manoeuvre. With time the manual will also be enriched by linking to multimedia resources providing demonstrations of manoeuvres, skills and strokes and explanations of knowledge concepts.

This manual is designed to be concise, inviting, interactive and accessible. No longer will you have to search through an entire manual to find the one piece of information you are looking for. It can be read all in one sitting or be used to glean information as needed. We hope you enjoy using it!

Acknowledgements

Members of the Canoe Development Program Committee and its subcommittee members. To these individuals and all others that helped design and sculpt this program Paddle Canada extends a sincere thank you.

Moving Water Canoe Program Committee

• Priscilla Haskin, Chair - Alberta
• Brian Johnston - Manitoba
• Brett Pawlyk – Alberta
• Andrew Westwood - Ontario

Solo Subcommittee Members

• Jason Prno - Ontario
• Chris Wall - Saskatchewan

Illustration Credits (unless otherwise noted on page)

• Andrew Haskin - Manoeuvres and Strokes
• Paul Mason - River Signals and Canoe Design

Recent Program Changes

See a complete list of recent changes to the program.

Mission Statement

To introduce paddlers to the exciting world of moving water canoeing emphasizing boat control, reading the river and safe practice.

Pedagogy - Paddler Centred Learning and Progression

Participants are coming with the goal of experiencing moving water. Paddle Canada’s teaching methods favour paddler participation.

The IDEAS and IES methods of teaching are highly recommended as foundational teaching methods for Paddle Canada instructors. They provide a paddler-centred approach to course delivery across the country. Learning is enhanced when paddlers are engaged and active in the discovery of paddling.

IDEAS (Introduction, Demonstration, Explanation, Action, Summary)

Introduction

Why do I need to know this? Where will I use this?

Demonstration

A quality demonstration of the manoeuvre, with no talking, that considers the placement of the paddlers and provides them with the appropriate view of the skill.

Explanation

A concise explanation that a paddler can reasonably remember - 3 points are best.

Action

The stroke or manoeuvre activity used to integrate the skill being taught. Remember to define the limits of the practice area. Feedback is given to the paddler at this time.

Summary

Summarize the main points of what was taught and re-emphasize where the skill is used.

IES Method (Introduce, Engage and Summary)

Introduce

Provide a brief context of the activity.

Engage

Provide paddlers opportunities to discover lesson outcomes using engaging activities. For example, paddlers may draw navigation routes, model river anatomy, map arcs used in carving manoeuvres or complete task cards. Participants can work individually or in groups to present their findings.

Summary

At the conclusion of the activity, consolidate learning with a concise set of points.

Progression

It is the intention of this manual to avoid prescribing a set progression for teaching Moving Water Skills Courses with the exception that our current approach is to start with carving.

Progression is impacted by so many elements. Instructors should consider working sequentially relative to the skill being taught (building blocks/strong foundations). Consider site features and utilize them to the advantage of the skill being taught. Weather, water releases, transportation, fatigue are just some of the additional elements that can impact a progression. One should also be thinking sequentially in the sense that if we teach a skill, it should be immediately employed in a realistic situation.

Participant success influences when to advance to the next skill choice by providing either the need to move forward, or to return to a previous skill for practice or clarification. To a degree, progressions are meant to be flexible, adaptable and responsive to the needs of paddlers, logistics and environmental factors.

Assessment

The moving water program instructional focus is on carving, lateral movement, water reading and risk management. Paddlers will be assessed for their achievement of program elements as part of ongoing feedback from the instructor. To assist in this endeavour an assessment box is included following each performance activity. The assessment boxes describe the expectations of the individual outcomes.

Note on Terminology

There can be many common names for various terms and instructors may use other acceptable terminology. For example, but not limited to:

• Front Ferry, as used in the manual, may also be called Forward Ferry or Upstream Ferry,
• Cut or Crossbow Cut, as used in the manual, may also be called a Static Draw or Static Cross-Bow Draw.

Goals

The four overarching goals of the Moving Water program; carving arcs, lateral movement, water reading and risk management are accomplished by instructing a full understanding of the manoeuvres.

Carving

Participants must comprehend and demonstrate how manoeuvres are completed by carving the canoe along different arcs. In this sense, ‘carving’ is the action taken, while an ‘arc’ is the resulting shape of that action.

The Tandem Moving Water Canoeing Programemphasizes paddling canoes on arcing paths (carving a canoe) and controlling the turning radius of the canoe through the use of hull momentum, stern initiation strokes, bow control strokes and boat tilt (MITH).

Using MITH (Momentum, Initiation, Tilt and Hold), paddlers develop an understanding of the presence and use of bow pinning waves. These waves are used to guide the bow of the canoe throughout carving manoeuvres.

Lateral Movement

Demonstrate carving an arc across the current.

Moving a canoe laterally in current is fundamental to paddling moving water. Manoeuvres such as entering and exiting adjacent eddy pools, ferries, and S-Turns all incorporate lateral movement crossing the grain of the current.

Participants will learn to use the Carving Triangle to control the shape of the arc.

Reading Water

Understand water features for the purpose of identifying preferred routes, hazards and features that can be used to assist manoeuvres.

Current and water features are recognizable by shape, colour and texture. By reading and identifying basic currents, paddlers will use this information to create appropriate arcs to enter the downstream flow, eddy pools, and move laterally across the river.

Risk Management

Identify and mitigate hazards that may be encountered, including human factors.

Paddlers need to be aware of the risks and responsibilities they assume when they paddle, whether real or perceived. The topics presented are intended to ensure that paddlers are engaged in understanding and managing risks so their paddling experience can be fully enjoyed. The topic of risk management should be presented in a fun and engaging way throughout the course so as to build confidence not fear.

Skills and Manoeuvres

At the introduction level, participants need to perform the following manoeuvres in a consistent and controlled manner while demonstrating an understanding of program goals, skills and knowledge. Prior to paddling in the current, paddlers may need to spend some time on flatwater reviewing strokes with carving drills (Flatwater Drills including, Indy 500, Figure 8s).

Participants will be assessed for: effective paddling (appropriate power and efficiency), creating and maintaining momentum, carving, employing the Carving Triangle, using strokes to complement manoeuvres, recognizing current and river features in relation to manoeuvres and safety awareness.

Participants must demonstrate each manoeuvre in the bow and stern and maintain the same paddling side throughout the manoeuvre. Participants will demonstrate carving arcs to complete eddy turns. If needed, the use of bow assistive strokes are used to complement a manoeuvre.

Important Note: Upstream paddlers have the right of way when others are in the eddy pool. Paddlers in the eddy pool should not enter the current when upstream boats are approaching.

Canoe Carry

Introduction

A canoe carry can be performed by one or more individuals. Participants (possibly with assistance) will demonstrate a carry for a short distance. There are several different ways to carry a canoe.

Demonstration

Explanation

Below are two possible options for consideration. The method of the carry should be safe, accommodate terrain hazards, distance, any physical limitation of those involved and emphasize teamwork.

Option 1 - Suitcase Style.

1. Two participants, together, lift and carry the canoe using bow and stern grab loops (or deck handles if equipped),
2. Opposite sides to lift and move the canoe.
3. The bow carrier should be aware that the stern carrier has poor visibility of foot placement as the canoe blocks the visibility of the terrain.

Option 2 - Overhead.

1. Two participants standing side by side at the stern of the canoe: bow carrier closest to the stern.
2. Both grip the closest gunwale and lift, with the legs not the back, tilting the canoe away from their body.
3. Both will then move their closest hand to the bow to the opposite gunwale.
4. Both lift and roll the canoe over their heads (the bow is still positioned on the ground).

Stern Carrier

5. Moves forward so the stern seat is resting on their shoulders.

Bow Carrier

6. Releases the stern of the canoe and moves to the bow.
7. The bow carrier will lift, with the legs not the back, the bow of the canoe and either place the deck or the bow seat on their shoulder.

Communication between partners regarding obstacles and regard for walking pace (not too fast) will improve the safety of the carry.

Summary

Participants will carry a canoe a short distance. The method used in a canoe carry may vary due to canoe weight, distance to carry, candidate ability, or terrain. Participants should select a method using one or more people that is safest for the circumstances.

Launching in an Eddy Pool

Introduction

When launching, ensure the canoe is in the correct position, facing upstream and is stable when you enter.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. The bow of the canoe should be facing upstream with the bow person hanging onto the canoe for stability.
2. The stern person enters the canoe first by laying the paddle shaft across the gunwales and stepping into the centre line of the canoe and kneeling down (into outfitting if available).
3. The stern person uses the paddle to stabilize the canoe while the bow person enters.

Action

Students effectively enter a canoe in the current.

Summary

Where it is necessary to enter a canoe in current, bow and stern paddlers work together to stabilize the canoe while facing upstream.

Required Foundational Skills

River anatomy, stability, reading current and canoe design.

Landing in an Eddy Pool

Introduction

When landing in the current the canoe should be facing upstream. The bow paddler should exit the canoe first and anchor the bow to avoid the canoe swinging back out into the current.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Approach shore with the canoe facing upstream.
2. The bow person places the paddle across the gunwales for stability and exits the canoe while the stern person stabilizes the canoe.
3. Once out, the bow person anchors and stabilizes the canoe while the stern exits the canoe.

Action

Participants effectively land in the current and safely exit the canoe.

Summary

With the canoe facing upstream, the bow paddler exits first to ensure the current doesn’t catch the canoe.

Required Foundational Skills

River anatomy, stability, reading current and canoe design.

Front Ferries

Introduction

A front ferry is used to carve your canoe laterally across the current while facing upstream.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Plan an arcing path to the targeted eddy pool.
2. Beginning with the canoe facing upstream, carve the canoe towards the eddy pool.
3. Anticipate current forces (grain of current) and adjust the arc accordingly.
4. Initiate the opposing carving arc just before entering the targeted eddy pool.

Action

Participants will practice moving laterally between eddy pools.

Summary

A front ferry is a lateral manoeuvre facing upstream to a targeted destination

Required Foundational Skills

Carving, shape of the arc, Carving Triangle, river anatomy, stability, reading current and canoe design.

Eddy Exit

Introduction

The eddy exit is a manoeuvre that allows paddlers to enter the current from an eddy.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Determine the desired destination in the current and visualize the arcing path to get there.
2. From within the eddy, establish the carve that will follow that arcing path.
3. Adjust for the current forces (grain of current) to maintain your arcing path.

Action

Participants will practice eddy exits from eddies on both sides of the river.

Summary

An eddy exit is accomplished by proper boat placement, visualizing and carving an arc from eddy to current.

Required Foundational Skills

Carving, shape of the arc, Carving Triangle, river anatomy, stability, reading current and canoe design.

Eddy Entry

Introduction

The eddy entry is a manoeuvre that allows paddlers to exit the current and enter an eddy pool.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Plan the desired destination from the current into the eddy and visualize the arcing path to get there.
2. Establish the carve that will follow that arcing path.
3. Adjust for the current forces (grain of current) to maintain your arcing path.

Action

Participants will practice eddy entries from the current.

Summary

An eddy entry is accomplished by carving a path from current to eddy.

Required Foundational Skills

Carving, shape of the arc, Carving Triangle, river anatomy, stability, reading current and canoe design.

S-Turns

Introduction

An S-Turn is used to exit one eddy and move laterally to a downstream eddy on the opposite side of the river. The manoeuvre involves transitioning from the first arc to the second arc in a fluid S-turn motion.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Carve out of the first eddy on an arc that will get you to the transition point.
2. Transition from your first arc to your second arc.
3. Carve into the second eddy.

Action

Participants will practice executing S-turns originating from both sides of the river if the site allows.

Summary

An S-Turn is used to exit one eddy and move laterally to a downstream eddy on the opposite side of the river.

Required Foundational Skills

Carving, shape of the arc, Carving Triangle, river anatomy, stability, reading current and canoe design.

Descending Back Ferry

Introduction

The descending back ferry is used to slow the canoe’s descent in current and provide directional control either left or right while back paddling.

Demo

Explanation

1. Both paddlers stop forward momentum.
2. Both paddlers pivot the canoe so that the stern points in the desired direction.
3. Bow paddler’s provides directional control and reverse momentum.
4. The stern paddler assists with direction from the bow paddler.

Action

Participants will practice slowing down and moving laterally in current.

Summary

A descending back ferry is a controlled sideways descending manoeuvre with the canoe pointing downstream. This skill requires a role reversal with the bow controlling direction and the stern focusing on reverse momentum.

Required Foundational Skills

Carving, shape of the arc, Carving Triangle, river anatomy, stability, reading current and canoe design.

Navigating River Bends

Introduction

The goal of navigating river bends is to maintain a safe, dry and direct route and to avoid hazards.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. A descriptive discussion of a river bend and the slower water located on the inside of the bend.
2. Hazards (sweepers, waves, undercuts)
3. Current grain
4. Canoe approaches and travels the inside of the river bend
5. 5 Possible strategies:
   1. Drive across the grain towards the inside of the bend
   2. Descending back ferry
   3. Eddy Entry on the inside of the river bend
   4. Front ferry from the upstream outside of the bend
   5. S-turn from the upstream outside of the bend

Drive across the grain towards the inside of the bend

Descending back ferry

Eddy entry on the inside of the river bend

Front ferry from the upstream outside of the bend

S-turn from the upstream outside of the bend

Action

Participants will identify river bends and navigate them by travelling the slower water located on the inside of the bend.

Summary

Participants will select the appropriate strategy to safely run river bends with the focus on a direct and dry line.

Required Foundational Skills

Carving, shape of the arc, Carving Triangle, river anatomy, stability, reading current and canoe design.

Knowledge

Specific skills and knowledge are required for canoeists to paddle in the current. They build a foundation skill set that allows paddlers to achieve the skills and manoeuvres outlined in this manual.

Participants will be assessed for their understanding and use of all the skills and knowledge outcomes.

Carving Using MITH

Introduction

When initiating carving turns, bow and stern paddlers can use MITH as a tool to coordinate the sequence of their actions.

Engage

Participants will discuss the acronym MITH as a tool to coordinate the paddler’s actions during a carve.

• Momentum- both bow and stern paddlers paddle forward to create sufficient momentum
• Initiate the turn- the stern initiates the turn either left or right using stern initiation strokes
• Tilt- both paddlers tilt the canoe towards the inside of the arc (prior to leaving or entering an eddy)
• Hold the tilt- the tilt is held until the desired arc is completed

Summary

Carving using MITH is a method used to create a canoe’s arcing path. It is used during manoeuvres including eddy turns and front ferries.

Controlling the Shape of the Arc

Introduction

When manoeuvring in and out of currents, canoes carve an arcing path. Paddlers control the shape of these arcs by adjusting three key components: the canoe’s momentum, the direction the bow is pointing, and the boat’s position. While all three elements play a role, at this level, paddlers will focus on canoe momentum to adjust the width of the arc.

Engage

Participants will discuss how the arc can be thought of as a part of the imaginary circle that we follow when carving our canoe. An arc can be described either as a tight arc, where it is part of a small circle, or a wide arc, where the circle is much larger. When performing manoeuvres, the shape of the arc is determined by the distance between the starting point and the canoe’s destination. A close target will require a tight arc, whereas a distant target will use a wide arc.

On the lake there are no river current forces acting on the boat, so the arc shape is controlled by boat dynamics and paddling strokes. The relative arc size depends on the canoe starting position and the distance it must travel to reach a destination at the end of the arc.

Shape of the Arc on a lake.

In the river environment, water currents introduce additional forces that need to be accounted for. When crossing opposing currents, the arc will be deflected into a tighter path. For example, during an eddy exit, when the canoe crosses the eddy line and enters the downstream current, the force of the current may rotate the canoe somewhat downstream. Stronger currents will cause proportionally more rotation.

When entering or exiting eddies, paddlers will notice that the arc is deflected, or bent, downstream or upstream when the canoe crosses an eddy line. This result is a tighter arc.

Shape of the arcs, anticipated and deflected in a river environment.

The Carving Triangle

Introduction

The Carving Triangle displays the 3 components of carving that are used to control the shape of the arc; Direction the Bow is Pointing, Canoe Position, and Momentum of the Canoe.

These components work together to create the desired shape of the arc. It is referred to as the CarvingTrianglebecause when you adjust one component, the other components must also be adjusted to create the same shaped arc. Balancing these factors help establish successful manoeuvres.

Engage

Below are 3 possible drills that can be used to deepen the understanding of paddlers new to carving. The drills focus on the Carving Triangle elements individually to highlight the impact on the shape of the canoe's carving arc. After each drill paddlers can discuss their experience by describing how the specific element impacted their eddy turn. Once all 3 drills have been completed, paddlers will have a more complete understanding of eddy turns, carving and how different elements influence eddy turn manoeuvres.

Drill: Direction the Bow is Pointing

Introduction

The direction the bow is pointing refers to how much the canoe is pointing upstream versus how much it is pointing out into the current. Assuming that momentum and canoe position are constant, paddlers can adjust the shape of the arc by changing the direction that the bow is pointing at the start of the carve.

Engage

Participants will vary the direction the bow is pointing to experience the effect on the shape of the carving arc. Participants can vary the shape of the arc as determined by the destination point. Participants will pivot the canoe, so it is aligned with the beginning of a planned arc. Pointing upstream will widen the arc, pointing out into the current will shorten the arc.

Canoe A is pointing more upstream to align with the wide arc to get to point A, which is further away

Canoe B is pointing more across the river to align with the short arc to get to point B, which is closer.

Summary

By varying the direction the bow is pointing and keeping the remaining elements of the Carving Triangle constant, paddlers will experience how this element can be used to change the end position of the arc out in the current.

Drill: Momentum of the Canoe

Introduction

Momentum refers to how fast the canoe is travelling. Assuming that the canoe position and direction the Bow is Pointing are constant, paddlers can adjust the shape of the arc by changing the momentum of the canoe at the start of the carve and adjustments to the speed need to be made while travelling the arc.

Engage

Paddlers will vary the momentum to experience the effect on the shape of the carving arc. With the shape of the arc determined by the destination point, paddlers accelerate the canoe and maintain the required momentum to travel the planned arc. Increasing momentum when paddling the turn will widen the arc, decreasing momentum will tighten the arc.

Arc A has more momentum and produces a wide arc

Arc B has less momentum and produces a tight arc

Summary

By varying the momentum and keeping the remaining elements of the Carving Triangle constant, paddlers will experience how this element can be used to change the end position of the arc out in the current.

Drill: Canoe Position

Introduction

Canoe position refers to how close the canoe is to the eddy line. Assuming that momentum and the direction the bow is pointing are constant, the paddlers can adjust the shape of the arc by changing the canoe position at the start of the carve.

Engage

Paddlers will vary the canoe position to experience the effect on the shape of the arc. With the shape of the arc determined by the destination point, paddlers position the canoe, to align with the beginning of the planned arc. Placing the canoe closer to the eddy creates an arc that reaches further into the current, placing the canoe further from the eddy wedge creates an arc that ends closer to the eddy.

Canoe A is closer to the eddy line which produces a wide arc in the current

Canoe B is farther from the eddy line which creates a tight arc in the current

Summary

By varying the canoe position and keeping the remaining elements of the Carving Triangle constant, paddlers will experience how this element changes the end position of the arc out in the current.

The Carving Triangle Summary

By adjusting the 3 components of the Carving Triangle; direction the boat is pointing, boat position, and momentum of the boat, participants will understand how to control the shape of the arc during lateral manoeuvres.

River Hazards

Introduction

Hazard awareness allows paddlers to exercise risk management skills appropriate for the outing.

Engage

Participants will discuss these hazards that may be encountered on a Class I waterway.

• Hydraulics/Low Head Dams: When water flows over an obstacle and recirculates back onto itself resulting in a retentive hole, wave and/or boil line. This can flip canoe and may keep canoe and possibly paddlers in one location.
• Pillow: Water that is piled up in front or on top of an obstacle. Resulting in canoe wraps or capsizes.
• River Bend: Water flowing around a corner resulting in usually slower current speed on the inside and faster on the outside. This results in pushing the canoe to the outside of the bend including hazards such as sweepers and strainers.
• Obstacles (Rocks or Bridge Piers): A solid object in the river. This results in damages to the canoe due to wraps or capsizes as well as possible foot entrapment.
• Sweepers & Strainers: Tree branches and/or trunks that are hanging low over the river or just below the surface. This can result in canoe capsize or possibility trap paddlers and canoe.
• Temperature/Weather: The degree or intensity of cold or heat in a location including rain, wind, and snowmelt. This can lead to hypothermia or hyperthermia as well as the rise or fall in river water levels.
• Undercuts: Eroded shorelines where the water flows beneath the bank, usually found on outside bends of rivers, that expose or collect debris. This exposes the paddlers to a riverbank that may hold debris (for example, rocks, tree roots, etc.) that may flip or jam the canoe with limited exit points.
• Waves: A feature in the river caused by a sudden change within the riverbed or shoreline. This can lead to the canoe taking on water, pushing the canoe around and potentially capsize.

Summary

The possibility of hazards requires proper planning. For example, how to dress, what to take, where or when to go and trip plans.

River Anatomy

Introduction

The ability to identify river anatomy features provides a useful link between water reading skills and a more complete understanding of the river environment that will result in a paddler’s increasing ability to understand the current, identify safe routes and to use features to assist manoeuvres.

Engage

Participants will discuss the following features that may be encountered on a Class I waterway.

• Current: The flow of water descending from higher to lower areas. Different speeds may be present due to varying depths, gradient and riverbed features.
• Current Line: The boundary between the Eddy Wedge and the downstream current.
• Eddy/Pool Line: The boundary between the Eddy Pool and the Eddy Wedge.
• Eddy Pool: The pooling of water behind a rock or outcropping along the side of the river. It can be slower moving than the main current, flow upstream or be seen as calm water.
• Eddy Wedge: The area of disturbed water between the Eddy Line and Current Line often characterized by boils and vortices.
• Grain of the Current: Parallel bands of current flowing at different speeds.
• River Bends: The location where the riverbank directs the river around a bend. The speed of the river varies from the inside to outside of the bend (slow to fast respectively).
• River Right/River Left: River left, and right are referenced “left and right” when looking downstream and will remain the same even if one turns around looking upstream.
• Standing Waves: A series of like waves created when fast water collides with slow water.
• Wave: Swell of water flowing over a rock or riverbed irregularity.

Summary

Knowledge of river anatomy will allow paddlers to understand the makeup of a river and how best to navigate it.

Balance and Stability

Introduction

Good posture and body mechanics are essential skills in solo canoeing. They contribute to improved control, efficiency, and effectiveness in moving water. Without these basic skills paddling moving water will be difficult to manage as one progresses in their paddling.

Engage

Key balance and stability skills include having proper body position, utilizing J-Tilt, engaging your outfitting effectively and adopting a stable stance while manoeuvring the canoe.

Balance: Body Posture

• Participants should have an upright posture with the upper body centered over the centerline of the canoe.
• Participants use the J-Tilt to carve the canoe. The ‘lower body’ (including hips and knees) will tilt the canoe while the upper body is kept in a stable upright posture (creating a ‘J’ shape when the body is viewed from the front).

Stability: Body Mechanics

• For added stability, participants are encouraged to adopt the ‘Double A Frame’.
• The Lower A Frame shape consists of both legs bracing outward toward the walls of the canoe and joined at the hip. This Lower A Frame can be adjusted to hold the canoe stable as well as create tilts for carving. Maximum stability comes from locking the legs to hold the canoe securely.
• The Upper A Frame shape is made up of the paddle shaft (in the water), the arms and the body. The degree of separation of the paddle shaft from the body widens the Upper A Frame for added stability. Increasing the blade force creates tension that flows up the paddle shaft, across the arms/shoulders and down the body’s core to the saddle. This maximizes stability as it stiffens the Upper A Frame.

Summary

Good posture and body mechanics are essential skills in solo canoeing and contribute to increased balance and stability, which subsequently lead to improved control, efficiency, and effectiveness in moving water.

Reading the Current

Introduction

Water reading is literally the language of the river. By observing visible changes in water texture and colour the river reveals features and characteristics of the current. As a skill, water reading can be used to assist the movement of the canoe while also warning of potential hazards to navigation.

Engage

Participants will participate in identifying in colour and texture of water features.

Observing changes in colour may be as simple as identifying light versus dark coloured water. Water may appear shimmering or matte, perhaps blue compared to black, or even grey contrasting to green. Regardless of the description, the important part is that a change has occurred.

Changes in texture may include descriptions of smooth, flat, bubbly, pebbly, gravelly, boily, rough, or wavy. Again, any observed change reveals something about the current and even the anatomy of the riverbed.

Using the visual clues to identify changes in currents, canoeists can then use this information to help plan a route, move the canoe, time strokes, stabilize their movement and avoid hazards.

For example, during an eddy exit, paddlers can use water reading to anticipate the arc for entry into the downstream current. By visually identifying the contrast in the colour and texture of the eddy pool, eddy wedge and downstream current, canoeists can map out the boundary features of the pool line and current line.

Seeing these features in accurate detail will guide the use of the Carving Triangle to cross current boundaries, assist in anticipating the impact of the downstream current, and help determine the shape of the arc to complete the manoeuvre.

Current

• The flow of water, downstream
• Current appears wavy and may appear to lightly rise up or down.
• If wavy with some bubbles, it may be light in colour due to reflection.

Eddy

• A pool of water moving upstream, usually found behind a rock, or outcropping along the shoreline.
• The water texture may be flat or smooth or may be disturbed by wave ripples.
• The colour can be a dark rich colour depending on lighting, or shimmering ripples.

Eddy Wedge

• Turbulence from adjacent currents flowing in different directions. The wedge dissipates as it progresses further downstream.
• The water texture is often bubbly, boiling, and swirly.
• The water colour is often a mid-tone colour between that of current and eddy pool (shade of grey).

Deep Water Wave

• Deep fast water colliding with slow water and can appear as standing waves.
• The texture can be smooth top, humps on the water occurring in groups of two or more.
• The water colour on smooth waves is generally dark.

Shallow Water Wave

• Shallow water flowing over rocks creating unique crests and troughs.
• The texture is rough peaks, ripples, and valleys of water often chaotic in nature.
• The bubbles will reflect light, so the waves appear lighter in colour due to entrained air bubbles.

Summary

Using colour and texture of moving water, participants will be able to identify water features.

Canoe Design

Introduction

Canoe design is determined by a number of hull features. These features will determine the canoe’s character and specifically how the canoe carves, builds momentum and how stable the canoe feels.

Engage

Participants will discuss canoe design and observe how these features impact performance.

Speed, stability and the ability to carve are just some of the criteria that define a canoe’s overall character. Focus will be on the following hull features.

Hull Shape: The pointed ends allow canoes to move efficiently in a streamlined fashion with minimal water resistance and around arcs. This is especially helpful for navigating around river features in moving water. When a canoe is on an established carve, the canoe's pointed shape creates bow waves, which form as the canoe cuts through the water. As the canoe is moving around an arc, the size of the waves on either side of the canoe will differ - a larger wave is formed on the outside of the arc, a smaller one on the inside of the arc. The larger outer wave provides more of a pushing effect on the hull of the canoe, which causes the canoe to move into a tighter and tighter arc. These "Bow Pinning Waves" are often controlled by varying canoe momentum.

Arch: The bottom of the canoe has a significant impact on overall performance. The arch describes the side-to-side curvature of the bottom of the canoe and plays a role in its stability. A flatter hull is more stable, while a rounded profile is less stable. In addition, the arch affects the speed of a canoe. A flatter arch is slower and a canoe with more arch is faster.

Chine/Edge: The boundary between the canoe's bottom and sidewall is called chine. The sharpness of the chine affects both stability and how the canoe travels around an arc. A soft or rounded chine makes for a more progressive shift from a flat to a tilted hull making the canoe feel more stable. A sharp chine transitions from flat to tilted very quickly making the canoe feel more edgy. The soft chine does not hold a curving path around an arc as well as a sharp chine. A sharper chine allows the paddlers to put the canoe on edge providing traction while carving and preventing “skidding” (sliding sideways).

Rocker: The curve of the hull from bow to stern is called rocker. Canoes with a significant rocker will pivot and turn with greater ease than canoes with a flat rocker. A pronounced rocker will also aid in carving tighter turns in moving water.

Length: A canoe’s length has a significant impact on hull speed and turning radius. Longer canoes are more efficient and will travel faster than shorter ones. Longer canoes, however, have a wider turning radius (travel wider arcs) than short canoes and may not be regarded as being as manoeuvrable.

Summary

The shape of the canoe determines its handling and performance. The combination of the shape of the ends, arch, chine, rocker and length will all affect its performance. A deeper understanding of the canoe’s shape and its relationship to carving, momentum and control enhances the paddlers’ performance.

Canoe Outfitting

Introduction

The participant will discuss the proper use and purpose of tandem canoe outfitting. Focus will be on the safety and security of using thigh straps.

Engage

Participants will discuss the fitment and quick release function of thigh straps. Participants will first cinch the thigh straps sufficiently to hold their legs securely, but not so tight that the straps will not slide off the thigh when the leg is relaxed. The use of the quick release function of the buckle should be demonstrated as an alternative means of exiting the outfitting.

Participants grip the canoe outfitting by tensioning the legs within the thighstraps and as necessary apply weight to kneepads and seat. Effective outfitting secures the paddler when navigating turbulent moving water conditions.

Summary

Participants will secure themselves in canoe outfitting and demonstrate the safe exit from the outfitting in preparation for paddling in current.

River Signals

Introduction

When padders cannot speak to another, it is important to have a universal way to communicate. These basic signals are understood by most paddlers to ensure they are safe, need help, or to offer direction for safe passage. When we see someone signalling, we must reciprocate to acknowledge that the message is received and understood. Though there could be regional differences in signalling traditions, it is important to have a common system with your paddling partners.

Engage

Participants will discuss and perform the following river signals where appropriate.

Stop

When there is a hazard ahead, signal a Stop, form a horizontal bar with your outstretched arm or paddle. Those seeing the signal should pass it onto others on the river that may not see it. Wait for the All Clear sign before proceeding.

Help or Emergency

Three (3) long blasts on a whistle while waving a paddle (or arms) overhead. If you do not have a whistle, use the visual signal. A whistle is more convenient if it is attached to the life jacket / PFD.

All Clear or Go That Way

To proceed down the centre of a river put your paddle vertical in the air with the blade flat towards the others to ensure maximum visibility. You may also use your outstretched arm raised vertically. To go towards a different direction, angle your paddle or arm towards the path you wish the group to follow. Never angle the signal towards the obstacle you are trying to avoid.

Are You OK / I’m OK

Pat the top of your head repeatedly to ask if a person is ok. If you are indeed ok, respond with the same action - pat your head repeatedly.

River Signals (illustration by Paul Mason)

Summary

River signals are used throughout the whitewater community when verbal communication is limited due to background sound or distance. For example, when there is a swimmer and the noise of the river makes voice communication impossible. Another example may be when the lead canoe of a trip is directing others where to go but instructions would be too faint to be heard by all paddlers. The lead canoe can use river signals to give direction and each canoe after the lead should pass the signal along to ensure the message has been received by all.

Environmental Impact

Introduction

Canoeing generally has a low environmental impact due to its lack of fuel, noise and erosion; however paddlers do need to be aware that canoeists can affect the environment in other ways.

Engagement

The following topics will be discussed, but not limited to:

• aquatic habitats from trampling,
• close approaches to wildlife (birds, fish, etc),
• physical damage to plants from paddles on the lake beds and shoreline plants,
• wildlife disturbance,
• potential spread of invasive species (clean canoes, gear after trip),
• human-generated waste and chemical pollutants, like those from sunscreens, and
• the Leave No Trace seven principles.

Summary

Focusing on these areas enhances one’s safety and comfort on the river.

Canoe History and Resources

Introduction

Canadian canoe history spans millennia, originating with Indigenous peoples as essential transport via birchbark and dugout canoes, later becoming crucial for the fur trade and colonial expansion, then evolving into sport and recreation.

Engage

Depending on the clients, following canoe history topics are examples that could be discussed, but not limited to:

• local or national solo canoe history,
• canoe designs,
• local or national events (past or future), and
• individuals that shared their passion for canoeing.

The following are examples, but not limited to, organizations that can provide further resources to the participants:

• national paddling organizations, Paddle Canada, Canoe Kayak Canada,

regional paddling organizations, clubs, and

• local, regional, or other Canadian outfitters.

Summary

The canoe has become a potent national symbol of Canadian identity, resilience, and wilderness connection, from ancient Haida dugouts to modern Olympic racing shells.

Strokes

When whitewater canoeing, paddle strokes need to be performed with maximum efficiency and effectiveness. Strokes may be impacted by a variety of changing conditions not the least of which include the paddler, boat and water. Purposeful, well-timed strokes that decisively direct the movement of the canoe from point to point are the signs of efficient stroke performance.

Functional Movement and Torso Rotation

At the introduction skill level, paddlers need to understand the key muscle groups that support the successful and effective transfer of power from the paddle, through their body, and into canoe movement. The dominant muscles responsible for power transfer are the gluteus and abdominal muscles.

For tandem canoes, the functional movement necessary for forward strokes is different from those used in solo canoes. Tandem paddlers benefit from torso rotation while stroking on each side of the canoe. solo canoeists build on their carving momentum using CAPT, where torso rotation is less likely to be necessary in a class I environment.

Effective strokes need to be well supported by the paddler’s body. By tightening/engaging the gluteus and abdominal muscles, the body becomes a strong frame for stroke execution. Meanwhile, the smaller arm and shoulder muscles effectively “tune” the position of the paddle for all strokes which are joined to the canoe via a strong body core.

Common Terminology and Concepts

• Shaft and grip hands stacked, vertical shaft with grip hand aligned above the shaft hand
• Power and non-power face, indicating which side of the paddle face is pulling water
• Onside and offside, indicates the side the stern paddler is paddling on
• Participants should have an appropriate size and style of paddle for moving water

Stroke Legend

Draw

Introduction

The Draw is used to move the canoe toward the paddler’s onside.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Face the paddle and reach out from the mid-thigh to fully immerse the blade, parallel to the canoe.
2. Pull the canoe to the paddle.
3. To recover, rotate the blade 90° (thumb pointing away from the canoe) and slice it back to the starting position. Rotate the blade back 90° to repeat if necessary.

Action

Participants will execute a draw to move the canoe towards their paddling side.

Summary

The participant will use the draw to move the canoe towards the paddler’s onside. If done at the same time with the tandem partner the canoe will pivot.

Bow Draw

Introduction

The Bow Draw is used to turn the bow of the canoe to the bow paddler’s onside during descending back ferries.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Turn the grip thumb downward and slice the blade forward and 45°away from the bow with the grip hand at the midline
2. Extend the grip hand across the gunwale away from the canoe, using the shaft hand as a fulcrum, so that the paddle blade pushes water beneath the bow
3. To recover, lift the blade from the water and prepare for the next stroke

Action

While performing a descending back ferry the bow person will apply the Bow Draw, when needed, to move the bow of the canoe towards their onside.

Summary

The bow paddler usually performs the Bow Draw at the end of a reverse stroke or on its own for a quick course correction.

To maintain reverse momentum, a reverse stroke is done before a bow draw correction stroke. However, if you need a quick adjustment a bow draw can be done on its own without a reverse stroke.

Stern Draw

Introduction

The Stern Draw is used by the stern person to initiate a carve towards the stern’s offside.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Slice the paddle blade 45°away from the stern of the canoe.
2. The shaft hand is extended out and away from the hip and acts as a fulcrum.
3. The grip hand begins the stroke located above the onside knee.
4. Punch the grip hand outward accompanied by rotating the torso for added power.
5. To recover, slice the blade upward and out of the water and then forward to prepare for the next stroke.

Action

The stern paddler will execute a Stern Draw to move the bow of the canoe away from the stern paddler’s onside. This can be used to initiate or tighten a carve.

Summary

The Stern Draw is used by the stern paddler to turn the bow of the canoe away from the paddler’s onside.

The stern draw is usually done after a forward stroke. However, if you need a quick adjustment a stern draw can be done on its own without a forward stroke.

Pry

Introduction

The Pry is used to move the canoe away from the paddler’s onside.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Turn to face the paddle, fully immerse the blade parallel to the canoe’s keel line and slice to the hull of the canoe where the hands are stacked adjacent to the knee.
2. Pull the grip hand over the onside knee while the shaft hand rests on or just above the gunwale.
3. To recover, rotate the blade 90° (thumb pointed away from the canoe) to slice the blade back through the water to the canoe while pushing the grip hand back over the shaft hand.
4. Turn the blade back to its starting position to begin the next stroke.

Action

Paddlers will execute a pry to move their end of the canoe away from their onside.

Summary

The paddlers will use the pry to turn the canoe away from the paddler’s onside. If done at the same time with the tandem partner the canoe will pivot. Pivots are frequently used to set up prior to exiting an eddy pool.

Bow Pry                 

Introduction

The Bow Pry is used to move the bow away from the bow paddler’s onside during a descending back ferry.

Demonstration

Explanation

1. Slice the blade forward beside the canoe with the grip thumb rotated backward and down.
2. Allow the paddle shaft to slide through a loosened shaft hand toward the bow (like a pool cue) which positions the blade flat against the bow of the canoe.
3. Use the gunwale as a fulcrum and pull the grip hand towards the paddler’s mid-line.
4. To recover, lift the blade from the water and begin the next stroke.

Action

While performing the descending backferry, the bow paddler will execute a bow pry to move the bow away from the paddler’s onside.

Summary

The bow paddler will use the bow pry to move the bow away from the paddler’s onside during a descending backferry.

Stern Pry

Introduction

The Stern Pry is used by the stern person to initiate a carve towards the stern’s onside.

Demonstration

Explanation

• Slice the paddle blade alongside the canoe toward the stern with the grip hand thumb up.
• The shaft hand is anchored behind the hip at the gunwale while the grip hand is extended beyond the gunwale adjacent to the onside knee aided by facing the paddle. This positions the blade flat against the stern of the canoe.
• Pull the grip hand quickly inward to a position above the onside knee.
• The stroke uses the gunwale as a fulcrum.

Action

The stern paddler will demonstrate the use of a stern pry to turn the canoe to their onside.

Summary

The stern pry is used by the stern paddler to turn the canoe toward the paddler’s onside.

Most of the time the stern pry is done after the forward stroke to ensure momentum is maintained. However, if you need a quick adjustment without a forward stroke a single stern pry can be done on its own.

Bow Cut

Introduction

The Bow Cut is used to tighten the arc of the canoe to the bow paddler’s onside.

Demonstration

Explanation

• Place the paddle vertically adjacent to the onside knee with hands stacked.
• The blade is placed in the water with the leading edge rotated so it's into the arc.
• The degree of the rotation depends on how much the paddler wishes to tighten the arc.
• The range of rotation is 0° to 45° with respect to the leading edge of the blade.

Action

The Bow Cut is only used when an arc needs to be tightened toward a destination. The bow paddler will use the Bow Cut during a carving manoeuvre to tighten the turning path of the canoe.

Summary

The Bow Cut is only used when it is necessary to tighten the arc of a turning canoe. Though the Bow Cut is ineffective at initiating an arc, it has the unique ability to tighten an established arcing path beyond what is possible from the stern position.

Crossbow Cut

Introduction

The Crossbow Cut is used to tighten the arc of the canoe to the bow paddler’s offside.

Demonstration

Explanation

• Place the paddle vertically adjacent to the offside knee with hands stacked.
• The blade is rotated by twisting the grip thumb away from the head.
• The degree of rotation depends on how much the paddler wishes to tighten the arc.
• The range of rotation is 0° to 45° with respect to the leading edge of the blade.

Action

The Crossbow Cut is only used when an arc needs to be tightened toward a destination. The bow paddler will use the Crossbow Cut during an arc manoeuvre to tighten the turning path of the canoe.

Summary

The Crossbow Cut is only used when it is necessary to tighten the arc of a turning canoe. Though the Crossbow Cut is ineffective at initiating an arc, it has the unique ability to tighten an established arcing path beyond what is possible from the stern position.

Forward

Introduction

To move the canoe forward and to offer stability.

Demonstration

Explanation

• Extend the paddle toward the bow and fully immerse the blade.
• The shaft hand begins ahead of the grip hand, both over the water.
• Grip hand should be at forehead level, arm with the elbow bent.
• The shaft hand pulls back toward the onside knee, and the grip arm straightens by extending forward.
• When the grip hand passes the shaft hand, lift the paddle from the water by lifting the shaft hand and lowering the grip hand and rotating the blade to slice it through the air back to the start position.

Action

The Forward Stroke is an elliptical paddle movement, where the grip hand replaces the shaft hand location. The cycle continues as required.

Summary

Both paddlers use the Forward Stroke to propel the canoe forward.

Reverse

Introduction

To move the canoe backward.

Demonstration

Explanation

• Slice the blade in behind the body next to the canoe.
• Place the shaft hand adjacent to the hip with the grip hand reaching across the body.
• Both hands are over the water alongside the gunwale.
• The paddle blade (non-power face) is pushed toward the knee where the blade is removed from the water.

Action

The Reverse Stroke is often used repetitively during a descending back ferry.

Summary

Both paddlers use the Reverse Stroke to propel the canoe backwards or to slow down.

Bracing with Forward Strokes

Introduction

The Forward Stroke is an important tool to stabilize a paddler.

Demonstration

Explanation

• Forward Strokes are the fundamental strokes to stabilize a paddler.
• They connect both the paddler and the canoe to the water by using the resistance created on the paddle.
• If the paddlers begin to lose stability, they may regain balance by using the resistive force of the Forward Stroke.

Action

The paddlers will use the Forward Stroke to re-establish paddler stability.

Summary

The Forward Stroke should be the first option used to stabilize the paddler.

Low Brace

Introduction

To stabilize the onside paddler through utilizing water resistance against the paddle blade.

Demonstration

Explanation

• Place the paddle horizontally and perpendicular to the gunwale with the power face pointing up.
• Both hands knuckles are down in a “push up” position with the shaft hand extended beyond the gunwale and the grip hand positioned close to the onside knee.
• Push the non-power face down on the water while swinging the lowered head and shoulders across to the off side.
• Once stabilized sit up and continue paddling for continued stability.

Action

The paddlers will use the Low Brace to re-establish canoe and paddler stability.

Summary

The Low Brace is used to stabilize the paddler and/or prevent a capsize to the paddler’s onside. An example where we may need the Low Brace is if we do an eddy exit without enough tilt.

Risk Management

Participants should learn swimming and rescue and recovery skills commonly used in and around moving water. Through the application of these skills and knowledge, participants learn to assist themselves and others and mitigate possible risks associated with moving water environments.

Participants must be aware that swims, rescues, and canoe recovery situations are inevitable the longer one paddles in moving water. Self-rescue is often a preferred first option (where practical and safe to do so) with assistive and rope rescues often being secondary. Training and practice make these situations more manageable.

Swimming

Introduction

Participants need to be capable of swimming defensively from current to shore.

Engage

• Defensive swimmer’s position (on back, feet first downstream and pointing upwards, hang onto paddle and ensure you are upstream of the capsized canoe).
• Swim backwards, laterally, towards shore.
• Swim until it is appropriate to exit the water (an eddy or less than knee deep in slow moving/calm water).

Summary

The defensive swimming position is used in current to reduce the risks of foot entrapment or striking rocks while moving towards shore.

Canoe Recovery After a Capsize

Introduction

Canoe recovery options are dependent on many elements, including participant abilities, site features and regional practices. The success of canoe recoveries are often dependent on the nature of the river, context, and personal experience. In the event of capsize, always place the safe recovery of people as the highest priority and gear second.

Engage

Participants will attempt a canoe recovery when conditions are deemed safe to do so. The safety of the rescuer and members of the group must come first. When attempting a canoe recovery, the simplest solutions are usually best.

Swimming a Canoe to Shore

• Secure the paddle in the canoe outfitting.
• Use the grab loop at the upstream end for pulling.
• First, align the canoe parallel to the current, then create a ferry angle and swim/tow to shore.

Canoe Painter Tow

• Select the painter on the upstream end of the capsized canoe.
• Pinch the painter beneath the onside knee (never tie or connect a rope to the canoe or paddler).
• Create a ferry angle and tow to shore.

Canoe "Bump"

• A rescue canoe uses their bow to bump the capsized canoe to shore.
• Begin my aligning the capsized canoe with the current.
• Next, the upstream end of the capsized canoe is pointed in the direction of travel, and the canoe is bumped to shore.

Summary

There are different options to rescuing and recovering canoes. Participants should be familiar with commonly used recovery methods in their region.

Shore Rescue - Throw Bag

Introduction

As one commonly used option on the continuum of rescue options, a shore-based throw bag rescue may provide an opportunity to reach and rescue swimming paddlers.

Engage

Participants will discuss and demonstrate throw bag rescues, while mitigating appropriate risks.

Mitigating Risk

Participants will discuss mitigating risks including:

• Securing/storing rope
• Potential swimmer entanglement
• Rescue knife
• Site safety: other paddlers, swimmers, rescuers, and shoreline environment

Rescuer - Throwing

• Shore position (downstream, within reach of the swimmer (e.g. 12-15 m), clear throw, safe footing).
• Communication (visual/audio contact, call “rope”, encourage safe swimming, ongoing communication).
• Hold bag in throwing hand (with non-throwing hand pull out 2 m of rope, hold loose end), throw either under- or over-hand “to and through” the swimmer.
• Belay stance (knees bent, feet facing downstream) with the throw rope on the downstream side of the body. It may also be useful to sit down, for added stability.
• The backup person holds the rescuer’s PFD shoulders.
• Pendulum the swimmer to shore.

Swimmer - Receiving

• Look and listen for direction.
• Once the rope is thrown, raise the hands to receive the rope.
• Grab the rope, ensure the rope is over the far shoulder (i.e. the shoulder located ‘away’ from the shore you are travelling towards).
• Hold it close to the chest with both hands. Do not wrap rope around hands or any part of the body.
• Stand when it is appropriate to exit the water (an eddy or knee deep, slow moving water).

Summary

Throw bags are one option used for shore-based rescues when self-rescues are not an option.

Resources

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V30nUXmTEM4

Resources and Flatwater Drills

Paddle Canada recognizes the importance of getting paddlers onto moving water quickly for an exciting and enjoyable experience. Flatwater skills are the foundation for the Moving Water program. Through the introduction of flatwater drills, paddlers then move quickly to the moving water environment to enhance experiential learning.

J-Tilt

Introduction

J-Tilt is the separation of the boat and lower body from the upper body (torso). The J-Tilt maintains the stability of the paddler by keeping their body mass vertical while the canoe is tilted for edge control and/or manoeuvring through waves.

Engage

Participants will be coached to tilt the boat but keep the torso upright and centred over the boat. Practice the J-Lean on flat water as well as in current.

Boat tilt can also be used with momentum to help pin the bow in the canoe's bow wave. Doing so will enhance a carving arc, which in turn increases the efficiency of manoeuvres. The J, tilt is also useful during edge-to-edge transitions typical of S turns. Finally, J tilts are essential for wave blocking to increase stability and to maintain a dry canoe.

The importance of tilt can be demonstrated in a variety of ways. Here are 3 possible demonstrations.

• Demonstrate tilt by using a paddle to simulate a canoe hull. In current, show a downstream paddle tilt. The paddle will be forced downward. In shallow water, the paddle will drive to the bottom. Repeat with an upstream paddle tilt to show that the paddle will provide much support. A canoe hull will experience similar forces and react likewise. Connect this to bracing as well as to boat tilt and stability.
• A dry land canoe tilt stability demonstration. On land, two people, one at each end of a canoe, hold a canoe upright suitcase style by the grab loops. A third person simulates current applied against the canoe hull (at the yoke or centre) and the canoe flips upstream, towards the current (simulated by the person pushing). Next, the two people holding the canoe, tilt the canoe downstream to expose the upstream hull to the current. The third person again simulates current applied against the now tilted canoe hull and the canoe exhibits stability.
• Practice holding tilt and putting the canoe on edge by lifting up with one knee and thigh while pushing down with the other knee and thigh. Practice establishing tilt, holding tilt, as well as edge-to-edge transitions. Paddlers tilt or rotate canoes along their longitudinal axes.

Summary

By practicing the J Tilt participants gain an understanding of how this method enhances stability.

Carving Figure 8s with Edge-to-Edge Transition

Introduction

This drill provides the opportunity for participants to practice both MITH carving skills and edge to edge transitions while paddling a figure eight circuit. This is also useful preparation for performing S turns.

Engage

After the introduction of MITH, paddlers can be tasked with paddling a figure eight circuit. This drill provides the opportunity to build and maintain momentum, initiate arcs in both directions, tilt and hold the tilt throughout the arcs of the “8” using both edges as required.

The edge-to-edge transition is an important focus when the canoe is carving in one direction and then switches to a carve in the opposite direction. Paddlers will hold an onside tilt till the completion of the first circle of the “8” and then transition to the next circle by first flattening out the canoe and then tilting the other way toward the inside of the second circle.

Summary

Participants complete multiple figure eights while practicing MITH and edge to edge transitions.

Indy 500

Introduction

The Indy 500 drill offers participants an opportunity to self-discover the “set up” for carving eddy turns. Paddlers will need to adjust their set up depending on the path of the arc to get to their final destination.

Engage

Participants will discuss the set of an oval course and how this may relate to eddy turns. Added to the discussion will be the strategic locations of the MITH components used to carve around arcing paths.

Using the buoys as a circuit, participants will paddle around the course refining the execution of MITH as a preparation exercise for eddy turns in moving water.

Indy 500 Set Up

Buoy A is at approximately 5 canoe lengths away from buoy B. They are offset by 1 to 2 canoe lengths. Paddlers will be directed to paddle from point A to point B, stop and then continue back to point A. Through discovery, paddlers will realize that they must adjust their set up/approach to achieve their final stopping point.

Summary

Participants will develop carving skills in preparation for completing eddy turns in current.